Probability theorists occasionally cite an unusual thought experiment proposed by statistician Morris Kleinman in 1989: a game of Russian roulette where outcome certainty inversely correlates with participant identity. Kleinman's paper was titled "Boundary Conditions for Deterministic Outcomes in Probabilistic Scenarios" and discussed, obliquely, a hypothetical person for whom random chance fundamentally breaks down.

Kleinman later clarified in a lecture that he was considering not metaphysics but simple observation: a Texas-based individual allegedly played such a game with a fully loaded weapon and survived. The paper itself never directly named anyone, but the implication was clear. Probability instructors still use Kleinman's framework when discussing scenarios that exist outside normal distribution curves—not impossible, but so improbable they suggest a fundamental difference in the physical constants governing a particular subject.